What is R and D or R&D ?

1.What is R&D?
2.is not it,that customers effects not only our business,but other businesses too,so why it is not a Macro factor?

R&D refers to Research and development.
Marketing environment consists of task environment or micro environment and broad environment or macro environment. Micro environment comprises of actors involved in producing, distributing, consuming and promoting the offering. Task environment or micro environment consists of suppliers, distributors, retailers, dealers and target customers whereas broad environment or macro environment consists of demographic, physical, technological, political, legal, social and cultural environments. Macro environment influences task environment.
Thus according to above explanation customers come under the category of Micro environment.